by是什么意思
“by” 是英语中最常用的词语之一,它可以作为介词、副词、形容词甚至名词使用,意思也随着语境的变化而有所不同。想要真正理解 “by” 的含义,需要深入分析其不同的语法功能和语义特点。
作为介词的 “by”
“by” 作为介词,表示位置、方式、时间、作者、手段等等,可以翻译成 “在…旁边”、“通过…”、“被…”、“由…”、“在…之前”等等,具体含义取决于具体的语境。
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表示位置:
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The house by the lake is beautiful. (湖边的房子很漂亮。)
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I sat by the window. (我坐在窗户边。)
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表示方式:
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I went to school by bus. (我坐公交车去学校。)
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The book was written by a famous author. (这本书是由一位著名的作家写的。)
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表示时间:
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I will be back by five o’clock. (我将在五点前回来。)
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The project will be finished by next week. (这个项目将在下周之前完成。)
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表示作者:
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This song was written by John Lennon. (这首歌是由约翰·列侬写的。)
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The book was translated by Professor Smith. (这本书是由史密斯教授翻译的。)
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表示手段:
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The criminal was caught by the police. (罪犯被警察抓获。)
- He earns a living by selling newspapers. (他靠卖报纸为生。)
作为副词的 “by”
“by” 作为副词,通常表示方式或经过,翻译成 “经过”、“通过”、“凭借”等等。
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表示方式:
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The package arrived by mail. (包裹通过邮件到达。)
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I passed the exam by studying hard. (我通过努力学习通过了考试。)
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表示经过:
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I walked by the park on my way home. (我回家时经过了公园。)
- He drove by the house without stopping. (他开车经过了房子,没有停下来。)
其他用法
除了介词和副词,”by” 还可以用作形容词和名词,但较为少见。
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形容词:
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The by-laws of the club are strict. (俱乐部的章程很严格。)
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名词:
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The by-products of the manufacturing process are harmful to the environment. (制造过程的副产品对环境有害。)
总结
“by” 作为英语中最常用的词语之一,有着丰富的含义和用法。想要理解 “by” 的含义,需要结合具体的语境,仔细分析其在句子中的语法功能和语义特点。
“by” 的用法拓展:常见搭配与固定搭配
“by” 除了基本的用法,还有许多常见的搭配和固定搭配,进一步体现其丰富的表达能力。
常见搭配
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by + 交通工具: by car, by bus, by train, by plane, by ship, by bike, by foot
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例句:I go to work by subway every day. (我每天坐地铁上班。)
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by + 方式/手段: by hand, by mail, by phone, by accident, by chance
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例句:The letter was sent by mail. (这封信是通过邮件寄出的。)
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by + 时间: by the time, by the end of, by next week, by tomorrow
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例句:By the time I got there, the party was already over. (当我到达那里的时候,派对已经结束了。)
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by + 人: by the doctor, by the judge, by the teacher
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例句:The patient was examined by the doctor. (病人被医生检查了。)
固定搭配
- by and by: 不久,迟早
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例句:We’ll get there by and by. (我们很快就会到那里的。)
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by oneself: 单独,独自
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例句:He finished the project by oneself. (他独自完成了项目。)
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by no means: 绝不
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例句:By no means will I allow him to go there. (我绝不允许他去那里。)
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by the way: 顺便说一下
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例句:By the way, what are you doing this weekend? (顺便说一下,这个周末你做什么?)
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by far: 到目前为止,迄今为止
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例句:This is by far the best movie I’ve ever seen. (这是迄今为止我所看过的最好的电影。)
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by mistake: 错误地
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例句:I took your umbrella by mistake. (我错拿了你的伞。)
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by chance: 偶然地
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例句:I met her by chance in the street. (我在街上偶然遇到了她。)
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by heart: 牢记在心
- 例句:I know the poem by heart. (我背下了这首诗。)
总结
“by” 作为介词、副词,拥有丰富的搭配和固定搭配, 可以表达各种不同的语义。掌握这些搭配,可以帮助我们更准确地理解 “by” 在句子中的含义,并更加灵活地运用这个词语。
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